The Signs + Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
It’s easy to confuse these signs with other, less serious conditions.
With many types of cancer, symptoms during the early stages are subtle, nonspecific, and can easily be confused for another, less serious condition. Symptoms of head and neck cancers are no exception.
Because symptoms of different types of head and neck cancer may be subtle, many people may not know anything is wrong until the cancer progresses and causes more serious problems. In fact, head and neck cancers are sometimes spotted during routine checkups. This is when these cancers are often caught in an early stage—when treatment is more effective.
When trying to detect head and neck cancers early, it’s important to remember symptoms may vary depending on where the cancer is located. Head and neck cancer is an umbrella term for a cluster of cancers that often start in the mouth, nose, throat, or sinuses. Learn more about the types of head and neck cancer here.
Oral cavity cancer starts in the mouth, and oropharyngeal cancer starts in the back part of the mouth or throat. Oral cavity cancer is the most common type of head and neck cancer. If you have oral cavity cancer or oropharyngeal cancer, you may notice the following possible symptoms, according to Mark Persky, MD, otolaryngologist and surgeon at NYU Langone Health in New York City:
A persistent sore in the mouth that won’t heal
Persistent pain in the mouth
Lumps in the cheek
White or red patches inside the mouth
A sore throat
Trouble swallowing or chewing
Stiff or numb jaw or tongue
Voice changes
Weight loss
Constant bad breath
Lump in the neck (enlarged lymph nodes)
Enlarged lymph nodes is a sign that cancer has spread, or metastasized, beyond the primary site of the tumor.
Nasal cavity cancer starts in the open space behind the nose that joins the throat, and paranasal sinus cancer starts in the sinuses located throughout the front of the face. If you have nasal cavity cancer or paranasal sinus cancer, you may notice the following possible symptoms:
Persistent congestion and stuffiness
Pressure or pain in the sinuses (above and below the eyes and around the nose) or one of the ears
Post-nasal drip (when the nose drains down the back of the throat)
Nosebleeds or pus drainage
Reduced sense of smell
Lump or mass on the face, nose, or roof of the mouth (the palate)
Persistent watery eyes
Change in vision or hearing
Numbness in the teeth and parts of the face
Lump in the neck (enlarged lymph nodes)
Laryngeal cancer starts in the voice box (the larynx), and hypopharyngeal cancer starts behind and beside the larynx at the bottom of the throat. If you have laryngeal cancer or hypopharyngeal cancer, you may notice the following possible symptoms:
Voice changes, especially hoarseness (this symptom is detectable in early stages)
Persistent sore throat
Persistent coughing
Painful swallowing
Trouble breathing or swallowing
Ear pain
Lump in the neck (enlarged lymph nodes)
Nasopharyngeal cancer starts in the nasopharynx, the passageway connecting the nasal cavity to the throat. If you have nasopharyngeal cancer, you may notice the following possible symptoms:
Lump in the neck (enlarged lymph nodes)
Change in hearing, such as hearing loss or ringing in the ear
Repeated ear infections
Stuffy nose
Nosebleeds
Ache in the head and face
Blurry or double vision
Difficulty breathing or talking
If you notice these symptoms, especially if they are persistent and don’t seem to go away like a cold or flu would, check with your doctor. If you are diagnosed with head and neck cancer, starting treatment early can improve your outlook and lower the risk of the cancer spreading or coming back.
Dr. Persky is an otolaryngologist and surgeon at NYU Langone Health in New York City.
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The most common site for head and
neck cancer is the oral cavity.
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That involves the areas of the tongue,
the cheek, the lips, the floor the mouth,
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and the palate as well as the gums
where the teeth are inserted.
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Head and neck cancer is a tumor that
occurs anywhere in the head and neck.
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And the great majority of the head and
neck cancers occur within the upper
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aerodisgestive tract, meaning the mouth,
the throat, the nose, the larynx.
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But there is a constellation of symptoms
that people should be aware of.
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So if you have persistent pain in
the mouth, persistent sore throat,
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bloody mucus, hoarseness,
difficulty swallowing, pain in the ear,
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as well as an enlarging neck mass which
would indicate a lymph node involved by
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tumor that sometimes manifests
the metastatic disease or
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the spread of the tumor to the lymph node,
rather than the primary tumor itself.
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I think if it persists for
more than 2 weeks,
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then certainly they should
seek medical attention.
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Then go to their primary care physician
and have a thorough examination.
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The most important thing is
to obtain a thorough history.
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And that can sometimes define exactly
where the physicians examination should
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focus.
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There are many areas of the head and
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neck that are difficult to examine
without specialized instruments.
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There could potentially be more than
one tumor that's developed, and
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only one of the tumors
might be symptomatic.
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We wanna make sure that we can
get a thorough evaluation,
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as well as make sure that there's not,
potentially, a second tumor in the area.
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In addition, we would also examine the
neck to see if there are any lymph nodes
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involved at the same time.
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Because obviously,
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that's an important issue if there's any
spread of tumor beyond the primary site.
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Therefore, if there's any question as
far as the persistence of symptoms or
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some concern on the primary
care physician's part,
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the patient should be referred to
a specialist in head and neck cancer.
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Signs and symptoms of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2017. (Accessed on March 20, 2019 at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html.)
Signs and symptoms of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2017. (Accessed on March 20, 2019 at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/nasal-cavity-and-paranasal-sinus-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html.)
Signs and symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2018. (Accessed on March 20, 2019 at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/nasopharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-and-symptoms.html.)
Signs and symptoms of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2018. (Accessed on March 20, 2019 at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html.)